The battery industry is rapidly diversifying beyond standard lithium-ion. Solid-state batteries are nearing commercialization, with ProLogium planning a 4 GWh gigafactory in France by 2029. Alternative chemistries like iron salt and zinc are also gaining traction for grid-scale energy storage. Automakers are actively reshaping volatile supply chains. Chinese OEMs are building overseas factories to circumvent tariffs, while US companies like Ford and Tesla are localizing LFP production. Korean battery giants are pivoting to the North American energy storage market. Concurrently, the circular economy is becoming a major business model. Driven by new regulations, recycling is creating distinct value chains for recovered materials, with companies building facilities to transform end-of-life batteries into a strategic domestic resource.
The battery market is undergoing a significant transformation, moving away from a "one battery fits all" model towards a diversified ecosystem of specialized chemistries. This shift is being driven by the need to address the limitations of conventional lithium-ion technology, including safety concerns, cost volatility, and supply chain vulnerabilities.
Solid-state batteries are at the forefront of this next-generation race. ProLogium Technology has announced a major breakthrough with its "Superfluidized Inorganic Solid-State Electrolyte" (GEN 4) platform. The company claims to have solved key bottlenecks in mass production by combining the high ionic conductivity of solid materials with the interfacial stability of liquids. ProLogium has a GWh-scale pilot line in Taiwan that has already shipped over 500,000 cells, proving the technology's scalability. The company plans to begin mass production at a French gigafactory in 2028, with a capacity ramping up to 4 GWh by 2029. Other players are also advancing this technology, with Ronbay Technology constructing a pilot line for sulfide electrolyte materials that is expected to commence production in early 2026. These developments suggest that solid-state batteries, with their promise of higher energy density and enhanced safety, are moving from the lab to commercial reality.
Alternative chemistries are also gaining traction, particularly for the burgeoning long-duration energy storage (LDES) market. Iron salt batteries, which use abundant and non-toxic materials, are emerging as a cost-effective alternative for grid-scale applications, with LDES projected to play a critical role in integrating renewables and stabilizing grids. Eos Energy Enterprises is capitalizing on this trend by scaling up its American-made zinc-based battery systems, with a revenue outlook of up to $190 million for 2025. Magnesium batteries are another promising area of research, offering high volumetric energy density and enhanced safety through a non-dendritic plating mechanism. This diversification of battery technologies signals a future where the demand for raw materials will also be more fragmented, with zinc, iron, and magnesium potentially growing alongside the traditional "Big Three."
Automakers and battery manufacturers are no longer passive buyers in the supply chain; they are actively shaping it to navigate a volatile and protectionist market. Their strategies are marked by flexibility, vertical integration, and a pivot towards new markets and business models.
Chinese automakers are aggressively pursuing international expansion to offset fierce domestic competition. Leapmotor, for example, has raised its 2025 sales target and plans to build a manufacturing base in Europe next year. This is a strategic response to domestic market pressures by expanding into new, high-growth regions. Similarly, BYD and Great Wall Motors (GWM) are rushing to start up new factories in Brazil to gain leverage for lower import tariffs, demonstrating a proactive approach to circumventing trade barriers through localization. Kandi Technologies is also pivoting its strategy by securing a major order from CATL for battery swap station equipment, a move that positions the company in the high-growth EV infrastructure sector.
US automakers are adapting to the new policy environment by localizing their supply chains. Despite a 31% decline in Ford's Q2 US EV sales, the company is still focused on LFP batteries and is exploring selling its excess battery supply, a sign of a flexible business model in a difficult market. Ford's battery joint venture with SK has started production in Kentucky but has delayed its Tennessee plant until 2027, a move that suggests a cautious, phased approach to capacity expansion. GM, while taking a significant $1.1 billion tariff hit, remains committed to its EV strategy and plans to produce LFP batteries in Tennessee by 2027. Tesla is also focused on vertical integration, with plans to begin LFP cell production for energy storage and lithium hydroxide refining in the US, thereby securing its own supply chain from end to end.
Meanwhile, Korean battery manufacturers are responding to the slowdown in EV demand by pivoting to the lucrative North American ESS market. LG Energy Solutions (LGES) and Samsung SDI are both shifting their focus to North American ESS production, with LGES planning to increase its US LFP capacity to 30 GWh by the end of 2026. This strategic pivot allows them to capitalize on local incentives and the growing demand for grid-scale storage while decoupling from a saturated and politically sensitive Chinese supply chain.
A new business model is emerging at the intersection of environmental regulation and supply chain security: the circular economy. This is being driven by a global push for recycling and sustainable practices. Japan, for example, has mandated recycling and reuse obligations for producers of small lithium battery devices, such as mobile phones and heated tobacco devices, to prevent fire incidents, a policy that will take effect in April next year. In the EU, while the due diligence obligations for battery materials have been delayed, the long-term intent to enforce a more sustainable supply chain remains clear.
This regulatory shift is creating a market for recycled materials that is beginning to show distinct value chains. The prices for black mass from recycling are showing divergent trends, with nickel-cobalt-lithium coefficients for black mass increasing slightly, while lithium prices for LFP black mass also rose. This is in contrast to the broader recycling market, where most wet-process players are operating at a loss. This suggests that while the overall industry is still finding its footing, the value of recovered materials like lithium is increasing, making recycling a more viable business model in the long term.
Companies are already positioning themselves to lead in this emerging sector. Electra Battery Materials, for instance, has completed a feasibility study for a new battery recycling facility adjacent to its cobalt refinery in Ontario. This move is part of a broader strategy to build a closed-loop North American supply chain, transforming what was once waste into a strategic resource. Similarly, Comstock Metals has achieved certification for a "zero-waste" solar panel recycling process, demonstrating that new business models are emerging to recover critical metals from end-of-life products. The transition from waste to a valuable resource is underway, with the recycling industry poised to become a critical component of domestic supply chains in the future.